Chapter 1 Carbon capture and
storage: the potential and the challenges
Carbon
capture and storage (CCS) is recognized as a key technology in the fight to
reduce the global emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The
technology, which is well understood, can be used to remove carbon dioxide from
the emissions of power plants and a range of industrial plants that burn fossil
fuel. However the development of commercial CCS technology for power plants and
industrial facilities remains perilously slow. Europe, which was expected to
drive forward the technology with a series of early demonstration plants has
failed to do so because of financial constraints within government and
industry, and the USA is now taking the lead. International organizations such
as the IEA are lobbying for greater incentives to develop the technology, which
needs to be available commercially by 2020 if it is to play a role in limiting
the global temperature rise to 2°C. Meanwhile the greatest need for CCS is
expected to be within developing nations such as China and India.
Chapter 2 Carbon capture
technologies and developments
Carbon
dioxide is a major product of the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas. The
biggest source is coal and coal-fired power plants offer the single best target
for applying carbon capture technologies to reduce global emissions. There are
three primary methods of carbon dioxide capture being developed today,
post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion. A
fourth, chemical looping, is in an early development stage. Post combustion
capture involves scrubbing flue gases from a power plant to remove carbon
dioxide. This is already carried out industrially and post combustion capture
offers the best method of retro-fitting capture to existing plants. Oxyfuel
combustion is another form of post-combustion capture in which the fossil is
burnt in oxygen, leading to a carbon dioxide rich fuel gas from which it can
easily be separated. However it has not been tested at the scale of a major
power plant. Pre-combustion capture is based on the gasification of coal
followed by removal of carbon dioxide to leave hydrogen which can be used to
generate power, often in an integrated gasification combined cycle plant. All
the stages of a pre-combustion plant have been operated but not together.
Demonstration plants to establish all these technologies are now needed
urgently to commercialize the technology.
Chapter 3 Carbon dioxide
transportation and storage: the options
The
transportation and sequestration of carbon dioxide are key elements of any
overall strategy for carbon capture and storage (CCS). The pipeline
transportation of carbon dioxide has been carried out extensively in the USA
and elsewhere for enhanced oil recovery and the technology is available today.
However underground storage of carbon dioxide has only been demonstrated to a
limited extent. Moreover, the development of carbon storage sites can take five
to ten years according to the International Energy Agency so development is
necessary now if sites are to be ready for commercialization of CCS in the
third decade of the century. Oil and gas wells can be used for sequestration
and these offer the cheapest initial sequestration options but for large scale
storage underground brine aquifers are the only geological structure capable of
providing the necessary global capacity. Alongside the development of these
storage sites, extensive pipeline networks will be needed. Business models will
be needed to encourage investment in transportation and storage and this will
have to be supported by legislation and regulation to ensure both safe and
equitable use of networks and storage.
Chapter 4 The cost of carbon
capture and storage
The
cost of carbon capture and storage can be broken down into elements relating to
the capture of carbon dioxide and those related to the transportation and
storage of the gas, once isolated. The breakdown shows that the capital cost of
carbon capture is the most significant part of the initial outlay. The cost of
pipelines and to develop storage sites is likely to cost less in initial
investment, but overall lifetime costs will be significant and could account
for between 10% and 30% of the cost for each tonne of carbon dioxide
sequestered based on the technology available today. The effect of adding
carbon capture and storage to a power plant is to increase the cost of
electricity from the plant. Increases are likely to be between 25% for a
natural gas-fired plant to 40% for a coal plant according to the International
Energy Agency. Both capital cost and levelized cost of electricity increases
represent a significant hurdle preventing the expansion of carbon capture and
storage. Technology development could bring costs down but this depends on the
technology being implemented widely.
Chapter 5 The prospects for
carbon capture and storage
Carbon
capture and storage has the potential to transform the battle to control carbon
dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. The use of these fuels
will continue to expand at least until the middle of the century. In power
generation there will be major growth in the use of coal in developing
countries, particularly China and India while natural gas use for power
generation will expand in the developed world. The cost of adding carbon
capture and storage to a power plant is an increase in the levelized cost of
energy from the plant. This will make electricity from fossil fuel power plants
more expensive than from some other sources such as wind power. Development can
reduce this penalty but today the investment needed to reduce costs is not
being made. If the technology can be brought to commercial viability then there
is a massive market for carbon capture and storage technology over the next
four decades. Failure to develop the technology will ultimately reduce demand
for coal and natural gas for power generation more quickly as they are replaced
by cleaner sources.
Key features of this report
- Analysis
of Carbon Capture and Storage technology costs, concepts, drivers and
components.
- Insight
relating to the most innovative technologies and potential areas of opportunity
for manufacturers.
- Examination
of the key Carbon Capture and Storage technologies costs.
- Identification
of the key trends shaping the market, as well as an evaluation of emerging
trends that will drive innovation moving forward.
Key benefits from reading
this report
- Realize
up to date competitive intelligence through a comprehensive cost analysis in
Carbon Capture and Storage markets.
- Assess
Carbon Capture and Storage costs and analysis - including Carbon Capture and
Storage rollout costs and Carbon Capture and Storage cost-benefit ratios.
- Identify
which key trends will offer the greatest growth potential and learn which
technology trends are likely to allow greater market impact.
- Quantify
cost trends and how these vary regionally.
Key findings of this report
1.
Average Carbon Capture and Storage roll-out costs.
2.
Annual growth value of Carbon Capture and Storage.
3.
Forecasts of Carbon Capture and Storage value growth.
4.
Carbon Capture and Storage cost breakdown.
5.
Past, current and future Carbon Capture and Storage investment requirements.
6.
Global and regional investment breakdown.
7.
Carbon Capture and Storage investments plans by country.
Key questions answered by
this report
1.
What are the drivers shaping and influencing power plant development in the
electricity industry?
2.
What is Carbon Capture and Storage going to cost?
3.
Which Carbon Capture and Storage technology types will be the winners and which
the losers?
4.
Which Carbon Capture and Storage technologies are likely to find favour with
manufacturers moving forward?
5.
Which emerging technologies are gaining in popularity and why?
Who this report is for
Power
utility strategists, energy analysts, research managers, power sector
manufacturers, Carbon Capture and Storage power developers, investors in
renewables systems and infrastructure, renewable energy developers,
energy/power planning managers, energy/power development managers, governmental
organisations, system operators, companies investing in renewable power
infrastructure and generation, investment banks, infrastructure developers and
investors, intergovernmental lenders, energy security analysts.
Why buy it
- To
utilise in-depth assessment and analysis of the current and future
technological and market state of Carbon Capture and Storage, carried out by an
industry expert with 30 years in the power generation industry.
- Use
cutting edge information and data.
- Use
the highest level of research carried out.
- Expert
analysis to say what is happening in the market and what will happen next.
- Have
the 'what if' questions answered about new Carbon Capture and Storage
technologies.
- Save
time and money by having top quality research done for you at a low cost.
Spanning over 92 pages, “The
Future of Carbon Capture and Storage: Technology Evolution, Costs and Future
Outlook” report covering the Executive summary, Carbon capture and
storage: the potential and the challenges, Carbon capture technologies and
developments, Carbon dioxide transportation and storage: the options, The cost
of carbon capture and storage, The prospects for carbon capture and storage.
